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	<front>		<front>
	<title abbrev="BIAS Workshop Report">IAB Barriers to Internet Access of Serv		<title abbrev="BIAS Workshop Report">Report from the IAB Workshop on Barrier
	ices (BIAS) Workshop Report</title>		s to Internet Access of Services (BIAS)</title>
	<seriesInfo name="Internet-Draft" value="draft-iab-bias-workshop-report-02"/		<seriesInfo name="RFC" value="9707"/>
	>
	<author fullname="Mirja Kühlewind">		<author fullname="Mirja Kühlewind">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	<address>		<address>
	<email>ietf@kuehlewind.net</email>		<email>ietf@kuehlewind.net</email>
	</address>		</address>
	</author>		</author>
	<author fullname="Dhruv Dhody">		<author fullname="Dhruv Dhody">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	<address>		<address>
	<email>dd@dhruvdhody.com</email>		<email>dd@dhruvdhody.com</email>
	</address>		</address>
	</author>		</author>
	<author fullname="Mallory Knodel">		<author fullname="Mallory Knodel">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	<address>		<address>
	<email>mknodel@cdt.org</email>		<email>Mallory.knodel@nyu.edu</email>
	</address>		</address>
	</author>		</author>
	<date year="2024" month="June" day="20"/>		<date year="2024" month="December"/>
	<keyword>Internet Access</keyword>		<keyword>Internet Access</keyword>
	<keyword>Censorship</keyword>		<keyword>Censorship</keyword>
	<keyword>community networks</keyword>		<keyword>Community Networks</keyword>
	<keyword>digital divide</keyword>		<keyword>digital divide</keyword>
	<abstract>
	<?line 218?>
	<t>The "Barriers for Internet Access of Services (BIAS)" workshop was convened b		<abstract>
	y the Internet Architecture Board (IAB) from January 15-17, 2024 as a three-day		<t>The "Barriers to Internet Access of Services (BIAS)" workshop was convened by
	online meeting. Based on the submitted position papers, the workshop covered th		the Internet Architecture Board (IAB) from January 15-17, 2024 as a three-day o
	ree areas of interest: the role of community networks in Internet Access of Serv		nline meeting. Based on the submitted position papers, the workshop covered thr
	ices; reports and comments on the observed digital divide; and measurements of c		ee areas of interest: the role of Community Networks in Internet access of servi
	ensorship and censorship circumvention. This report summarizes the workshop's di		ces, reports and comments on the observed digital divide, and measurements of ce
	scussion and serves as a reference for reports on the current barriers to Intern		nsorship and censorship circumvention. This report summarizes the workshop's dis
	et Access.</t>		cussions and serves as a reference for reports on the current barriers to Intern
	<t>Note that this document is a report on the proceedings of the workshop.		et access.</t>
	The views and positions documented in this report were expressed during the wo		<t>Note that this document is a report on the proceedings of the workshop.
	rkshop by participants and do not necessarily reflect IAB's views and positions.		The views and positions documented in this report were expressed during the wo
	</t>		rkshop by participants and do not necessarily reflect the IAB's views and positi
			ons.</t>
	</abstract>		</abstract>
	<note removeInRFC="true">
	<name>About This Document</name>
	<t>
	The latest revision of this draft can be found at <eref target="https://
	intarchboard.github.io/draft-iab-bias-workshop-report/draft-iab-bias-workshop-re
	port.html"/>.
	Status information for this document may be found at <eref target="https
	://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-iab-bias-workshop-report/"/>.
	</t>
	<t>Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at
	<eref target="https://github.com/intarchboard/draft-iab-bias-workshop-re
	port"/>.</t>
	</note>
	</front>		</front>
	<middle>		<middle>
	<?line 224?>
	<section anchor="introduction">		<section anchor="introduction">
	<name>Introduction</name>		<name>Introduction</name>
	<t>The Internet as part of the critical infrastructure affects many aspect		<t>The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) holds occasional workshops
	s of our society significantly, although it impacts different parts of society d		designed to consider long-term issues and strategies for the
	ifferently. The Internet is an important tool to reach the Sustainable Developme		Internet, and to suggest future directions for the Internet
	nt Goals (SDG) <xref target="SDG"/> and to globally support human rights. Conseq		architecture. This long-term planning function of the IAB is
	uently, the lack of meaningful access to digital infrastructure and services is		complementary to the ongoing engineering efforts performed by working
	also a form of disenfranchisement.</t>		groups of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).</t>
			<t>The Internet as part of the critical infrastructure affects many aspect
			s of our society significantly, although it impacts different parts of society d
			ifferently. The Internet is an important tool for reaching the Sustainable Devel
			opment Goals (SDGs) listed in <xref target="SDGs"/> and for globally supporting
			human rights. Consequently, the lack of meaningful access to digital infrastruct
			ure and services is also a form of disenfranchisement.</t>
	<t>Solely having Internet access is not enough. At the same time as we wor k to connect the next billion people and reduce the digital divide, it is also i mportant to understand persistent and novel inequalities in the digital age when accessing content and services. There are more and more barriers to meaningful access to the services and applications that run on the Internet. Even if Intern et connectivity is available, information and service access may remain challeng ed and unequal.</t>		<t>Solely having Internet access is not enough. At the same time as we wor k to connect the next billion people and reduce the digital divide, it is also i mportant to understand persistent and novel inequalities in the digital age when accessing content and services. There are more and more barriers to meaningful access to the services and applications that run on the Internet. Even if Intern et connectivity is available, information and service access may remain challeng ed and unequal.</t>
	<t>This IAB workshop has aimed</t>		<t>This IAB workshop aimed to</t>
	<ul spacing="normal">		<ul spacing="normal">
	<li>		<li>
	<t>to collect reports about barriers to accessing content and services		<t>collect reports about barriers to accessing content and services on
	on the Internet, e.g. based on filtering, and blocking as well as due to genera		the Internet. For example:</t>
	l inequality of technological capabilities, like device or protocol limitations.		<ul spacing="normal">
	</t>		<li>
	</li>		<t>based on filtering.</t>
			</li>
			<li>
			<t>based on blocking.</t>
			</li>
			<li>
			<t>due to general inequality of technological capabilities, e.g., de
			vice or protocol limitations.</t>
			</li>
			</ul>
			</li>
			</ul>
			<ul spacing="normal">
	<li>		<li>
	<t>to help the Internet community get a better understanding of how th e Internet functions in different parts of the world and which technology or tec hniques need to be used to gain access to content.</t>		<t>help the Internet community get a better understanding of how the I nternet functions in different parts of the world and which technology or techni ques need to be used to gain access to content.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>to build an understanding of what "being connected" to the Internet means: What is the Internet to users? What is needed to be meaningfully connect ed? What are the minimum requirements to be able to access certain parts of the content and services provided over the Internet?</t>		<t>build an understanding of what "being connected" to the Internet me ans: What is the Internet to users? What is needed to be meaningfully connected? What are the minimum requirements to be able to access certain parts of the con tent and services provided over the Internet?</t>
	</li>		</li>
	</ul>		</ul>
	<section anchor="about-this-workshop-report-content">		<section anchor="about-this-workshop-report-content">
	<name>About this workshop report content</name>		<name>About the Content of This Workshop Report</name>
	<t>This document is a report on the proceedings of the workshop. The vie		<t>This document is a report on the proceedings of the workshop. The vie
	ws and positions documented in this report are expressed during the workshop by		ws and positions documented in this report were expressed during the workshop by
	participants and do not necessarily reflect IAB's views and positions.</t>		participants and do not necessarily reflect the IAB's views and positions.</t>
	<t>Furthermore, the content of the report comes from presentations given by workshop participants and notes taken during the discussions, without interp retation or validation. Thus, the content of this report follows the flow and d ialogue of the workshop but does not attempt to capture a consensus.</t>		<t>Furthermore, the content of the report comes from presentations given by workshop participants and notes taken during the discussions, without interp retation or validation. Thus, the content of this report follows the flow and d ialogue of the workshop but does not attempt to capture a consensus.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="workshop-scope-and-discussion">		<section anchor="workshop-scope-and-discussion">
	<name>Workshop Scope and Discussion</name>		<name>Workshop Scope and Discussion</name>
	<t>The workshop was organized across three days with all-group discussion slots, one per day. The following topic areas were identified and the program co mmittee organized paper submissions into three main themes for each of the three discussion slots. During each discussion, those papers were presented sequentia lly with open discussion held at the end of each day.</t>		<t>The workshop was organized across three days with all-group discussion slots, one per day. The following topic areas were identified, and the program c ommittee organized paper submissions into three main themes for each of the thre e discussion slots. During each discussion, those papers were presented sequenti ally with open discussion held at the end of each day.</t>
	<section anchor="session-1-community-networks-their-role-in-internet-acces s-of-services">		<section anchor="session-1-community-networks-their-role-in-internet-acces s-of-services">
	<name>Session 1: Community Networks - Their Role in Internet Access of S ervices</name>		<name>Session 1: Community Networks - Their Role in Internet Access of S ervices</name>
	<t>The first day of the workshop focused on the role of Community Networ ks <xref target="RFC7962"/> as a way to overcome the barriers to Internet Access . Community Networks are self-organized networks wholly owned by the community a nd thus provide an alternative mechanism to bring connectivity and internet serv ices to those places that lack commercial interest.</t>		<t>The first day of the workshop focused on the role of Community Networ ks <xref target="RFC7962"/> as a way to overcome the barriers to Internet access . Community Networks are self-organized networks wholly owned by the community a nd thus provide an alternative mechanism to bring connectivity and Internet serv ices to those places that lack commercial interest.</t>
	<t>Presentations ranged from highlighting the need for measuring Quality of Experience (QoE) for Community Networks, to the potential role the Content D elivery Network (CDN) can play in Community Networks, to the role of Satellite N etworks, and finally, to the vital role of the spectrum in this space.</t>		<t>Presentations ranged from highlighting the need for measuring Quality of Experience (QoE) for Community Networks, to the potential role the Content D elivery Network (CDN) can play in Community Networks, to the role of Satellite N etworks, and finally, to the vital role of the spectrum in this space.</t>
	<section anchor="the-quality-of-community-networks">		<section anchor="the-quality-of-community-networks">
	<name>The Quality of Community Networks</name>		<name>The Quality of Community Networks</name>
	<t><xref target="MARTINEZ"/> highlighted the need to address Quality o		<t><xref target="MARTINEZ"/> highlighted the need to address QoE in di
	f Experience (QoE) in discussions around Community Networks. As a community-driv		scussions around Community Networks. As a community-driven deployment, the knowl
	en deployment, the knowledge and involvement of individuals can vary; therefore,		edge and involvement of individuals can vary; therefore, there are no guarantees
	there are no guarantees of connectivity or quality of service. There is a need		of connectivity or quality of service. There is a need to focus on user expecta
	to focus on user expectations and how they translate to measurable performance i		tions and how they translate to measurable performance indicators. Further, it a
	ndicators. Further, it asks for better documenting best practices in deploying c		sks for better documentation of best practices in deploying Community Networks a
	ommunity networks as well as considering manageability considerations for commun		s well as careful thought regarding manageability considerations for Community N
	ity networks in protocol development. <xref target="GUIFI"/> as an example Commu		etworks in protocol development. <xref target="GUIFI"/> as an example Community
	nity Network was discussed and some existing resources for Community Networks (<		Network was discussed, and some existing resources for Community Networks <xref
	xref target="APC"/>, <xref target="ISOC"/>, and <xref target="TBB"/>) were share		target="APC"/> <xref target="ISOC"/> <xref target="TBB"/> were shared by the par
	d by the participants.</t>		ticipants.</t>
	<t>The inconsistent quality and performance of Satellite Internet is a		<t>The inconsistent quality and performance of Satellite Internet resu
	gap for community networks that rely on non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) for int		lt in a connectivity gap for Community Networks that rely on non-terrestrial net
	ernet access <xref target="HU"/>.</t>		works (NTNs) for Internet access <xref target="HU"/>.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="strengthening-community-networks">		<section anchor="strengthening-community-networks">
	<name>Strengthening Community Networks</name>		<name>Strengthening Community Networks</name>
	<t><xref target="BENSON"/> focused on the prohibitive cost of the tran		<t><xref target="BENSON"/> focused on the prohibitive cost of transit
	sit and Internet service for Community Networks and argued for Content Delivery		and Internet services for Community Networks and argued for CDNs to provide tran
	Networks (CDNs) to provide transit-like and Internet services at no more than at		sit-like and Internet services, at no more than at-cost, in a mutually beneficia
	-cost in a mutually beneficial way. Community networks still need backhaul to an		l way. Community Networks still need backhaul to and from the CDN's point of pre
	d from the CDN's point of presence and models for community-backhaul and open-so		sence, and models for community-backhaul and open-source CDNs were highlighted.
	urce CDNs were highlighted. Discussion included <xref target="PANGEA"/> project		Discussion included the status of Project PANGEA <xref target="PANGEA"/> as well
	status as well as legal and commercial considerations in such use of CDNs.</t>		as legal and commercial considerations related to such use of CDNs.</t>
	<t><xref target="HU"/> highlighted that Satellite Internet provided by		<t><xref target="HU"/> highlighted that Satellite Internet provided by
	advanced LEO satellite constellations can play a pivotal role in closing the co		advanced low-Earth orbit (LEO) Satellite constellations can play a pivotal role
	nnectivity gap in the urban-rural digital divide via Satellite-dependent communi		in closing the connectivity gap in the urban-rural digital divide via Satellite
	ty networks. These existing known performance and management gaps need focus to		-dependent Community Networks. These existing known performance and management g
	enable Satellite Internet to resolve the divide. Further, research directions su		aps need to be focused on, to enable Satellite Internet to resolve the divide. F
	ch as multi-layer satellite networking, autonomous maintenance, and integration		urther, research directions such as multi-layer Satellite networking, autonomous
	between Terrestrial and Non-Terrestrial networks were suggested.</t>		maintenance, and integration between terrestrial networks and NTNs were suggest
	<t><xref target="RENNO"/> called attention to the coveted 6GHz (part o		ed.</t>
	f the C-band with a desirable mix of coverage and capacity) as a prime choice fo		<t><xref target="RENNO"/> called attention to the coveted 6 GHz (part
	r International Mobile Telecommunication (IMT) for 5G technology while it is in		of the C-band with a desirable mix of coverage and capacity) as a prime choice f
	common unlicensed use in the community networks (and small ISPs). Spectrum alloc		or International Mobile Telecommunication (IMT) for 5G technology while it is in
	ations directly impact industries and market access with ramifications for commu		common unlicensed use in Community Networks (and small ISPs). Spectrum allocati
	nity networks. Further, there was a discussion on the geopolitical tension becau		ons directly impact industries and market access with ramifications for Communit
	se of it.</t>		y Networks. Further, there was a discussion on geopolitical tensions because of
			these allocations.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="discussion">		<section anchor="discussion">
	<name>Discussion</name>		<name>Discussion</name>
	<t>How can the technical community address the management gap and impr ove best practices for Community Networks? Is the increasing complexity of the I nternet making it more challenging to establish secure connections, and should t his be taken into account in the design of the Internet? What steps need to be t aken to make sure Community Networks are secure? Should the manageability consid eration be expanded to explicitly consider Community Networks? Global Access to the Internet for All (GAIA) <xref target="GAIA"/> research group could be a venu e for further discussion and research. Further discussion highlighted the need f or readily available knowledge and tools for community networks as well as the t ussle with market forces when commercial networks compete with community network s. Also, there is a lack of operational inputs from community network operators in the IETF/IRTF.</t>		<t>How can the technical community address the management gaps and imp rove best practices for Community Networks? Is the increasing complexity of the Internet making it more challenging to establish secure connections, and should this be taken into account in the design of the Internet? What steps need to be taken to make sure Community Networks are secure? Should manageability considera tions be expanded to explicitly consider Community Networks? The Global Access t o the Internet for All (GAIA) Research Group <xref target="GAIA"/> could be a ve nue for further discussion and research. Further discussion highlighted the need for readily available knowledge and tools for Community Networks as well as the tussle with market forces when commercial networks compete with Community Netwo rks. Also, there is a lack of operational inputs from Community Network operator s in the IETF/IRTF.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="session-2-digital-divide-reports-and-comments">		<section anchor="session-2-digital-divide-reports-and-comments">
	<name>Session 2: Digital Divide - Reports and Comments</name>		<name>Session 2: Digital Divide - Reports and Comments</name>
	<t>Critical internet infrastructure affects many aspects of our society		<t>Critical Internet infrastructure affects many aspects of our society
	significantly, although differently, the inequitable aspects of which are typica		significantly, although it impacts different parts of society
	lly referred to as "digital inclusion" signifying that in efforts to digitalise		differently. The inequitable aspects are typically referred to as
	society, there are those left out due to what is typically called the "digital d		"digital inclusion"; these aspects signify that in efforts to
	ivide", a related term specific to access to the Internet. These concepts togeth		digitalize society, there are those left out due to what is
	er demonstrate that even if Internet connectivity is available, for some there w		typically called the "digital divide", a related term specific to
	ill remain challenges towards achieving equality. This becomes especially signif		access to the Internet. These concepts together demonstrate that even if Interne
	icant as governments view the Internet as an important tool to help them reach t		t connectivity is available, for some there will remain challenges towards achie
	he Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) <xref target="SDG"/> and to globally supp		ving equality. This becomes especially significant as governments view the Inter
	ort human rights.</t>		net as an important tool for helping them reach the SDGs listed in <xref target=
	<t>The second day of workshops was essential to understanding the nature		"SDGs"/> and for globally supporting human rights.</t>
	of the digital divide. Presentations of reports interrogated at least three key		<t>The second day of workshops was essential to understanding the nature
	aspects of the digital divide, though there is recognition that there may be mo		of the digital divide. Presentations of reports interrogated at least three key
	re technical aspects of the digital divide that were not present. Those were: di		aspects of the digital divide, though it is recognized that there may be more t
	fferences between population demographics in the provision of online resources b		echnical aspects of the digital divide that were not addressed. Three of those a
	y governments, inequality in the use of multilingualized domains and email addre		spects were:</t>
	sses, and increased costs for end-user downloads of contemporary websites' sizes		<ul spacing="normal">
	.</t>		<li>differences between population demographics in the provision of online re
			sources by governments.</li>
			<li>inequality in the use of multilingualized domains and email addresses.</l
			i>
			<li>increased costs for end-user downloads from websites of contemporary size
			s.</li>
			</ul>
	<section anchor="disparities-in-service-provision">		<section anchor="disparities-in-service-provision">
	<name>Disparities in service provision</name>		<name>Disparities in Service Provisioning</name>
	<t>Ralph Holz presented research that exposes the more limited DNS-med		<!-- DNE "evidence that ..." text below from [HOLZ]; verified and corrected -->
	iated access to government websites by Indigenous communities in Australia as co		<t>Ralph Holz presented research that exposes the more limited DNS-med
	mpared to less disadvantaged users in the same population in "Evidence for a dig		iated access to government websites by Indigenous communities in Australia as co
	ital divide? Measuring DNS dependencies in the context of the Indigenous populat		mpared to less disadvantaged users in the same population in "Evidence for a dig
	ion of Australia". <xref target="HOLZ"/> DNS dependency trends were analysed bet		ital divide? Measuring DNS dependencies in the context of the indigenous populat
	ween two lists of domains serving Australian government sites for Indigenous use		ion of Australia" <xref target="HOLZ"/>. DNS dependency trends were analyzed bet
	rs and the general population. Researchers found, "evidence that dependencies fo		ween two lists of domains serving Australian government sites for Indigenous use
	r the Indigenous population are indeed differently configured," indicative of a		rs and the general population. Researchers found "evidence that dependencies for
	difference in service provisioning. However qualitative follow-up research is ne		the indigenous population are indeed differently configured," indicative of a d
	eded to interrogate both the potential reasons for these differences and whether		ifference in service provisioning. However, qualitative follow-up research is ne
	the differences contribute to a "digital divide" that is tangible for Indigenou		eded to interrogate both the potential reasons for these differences and whether
	s users.</t>		the differences contribute to a digital divide that is tangible for Indigenous
			users.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="lack-of-consistent-acceptance-of-language-scripts">		<section anchor="lack-of-consistent-acceptance-of-language-scripts">
	<name>Lack of consistent acceptance of language scripts</name>		<name>Lack of Consistent Acceptance of Language Scripts</name>
	<t>On the topic of availability of Internet services and content in mu		<t>On the topic of availability of Internet services and content in mu
	ltiple languages "Universal Acceptance of Domain Names and Email Addresses: A Ke		ltiple languages, "Universal Acceptance of Domain Names and Email Addresses: A K
	y to Digital Inclusion" was presented by Sarmad Hussain of ICANN. <xref target="		ey to Digital Inclusion" was presented by Sarmad Hussain of ICANN <xref target="
	HUSSAIN"/> The ICANN community has increased the options for multilingual identi		HUSSAIN"/>. The ICANN community has increased the options for multilingual ident
	fiers through the expansion of the Internet's DNS for use in domains and email a		ifiers through the expansion of the Internet's DNS for use in domains and email
	ddresses. However, while the work of technical specification and policy recommen		addresses. However, while the work of technical specifications and policy recomm
	dations is complete, much work remains to deploy a multiligualized internet. Tod		endations is complete, much work remains to deploy a multilingualized Internet.
	ay there are around 150 internationalised domain names (IDNs) but the barriers t		Today, there are around 150 internationalized domain names (IDNs), but
	o equal rollout of these scripts at the domain level are hindered primarily by s		equal rollout of these scripts at the domain level is hindered primarily by soft
	oftware and applications that do not yet recognise these new scripts. "Universal		ware and applications that do not yet recognize these new scripts. "Universal Ac
	Acceptance" is a programme of action for the internet community at large that c		ceptance" is a program of action for the Internet community at large that can en
	an ensure IDNs are accepted and treated consistently.</t>		sure that IDNs are accepted and treated consistently.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="web-affordability-and-inclusiveness">		<section anchor="web-affordability-and-inclusiveness">
	<name>Web Affordability and Inclusiveness</name>		<name>Web Affordability and Inclusiveness</name>
	<t>In "A Framework for Improving Web Affordability and Inclusiveness"		<!-- [LB] "geographic variations in ..." is quoted from [HABIB] (verified) -->
	Rumaisa Habib presented research on the connection between website size and cost		<t>In "A Framework for Improving Web Affordability and Inclusiveness",
	to end users. <xref target="HABIB"/> This critical inquiry presents access in t		Rumaisa Habib presented research on the connection between website size and cos
	erms of affordability and through measurement demonstrates that the material cos		t to end users <xref target="HABIB"/>. This critical inquiry presents access in
	ts to end users who pay for their connection based on the volume of data they do		terms of affordability and through measurement demonstrates that the material co
	wnload and upload have risen as the complexity of the web grows. Their research		sts to end users who pay for their connection based on the volume of data they d
	provides a framework for optimisation based on end-user affordability. This fram		ownload and upload have risen as the complexity of the Web grows. Their research
	ework is anchored to reality: it proposes a fairness metric and suggests systema		provides a framework for optimization based on end-user affordability. This fra
	tic adaptations to Web complexity based on "geographic variations in mobile broa		mework is anchored in reality: <xref target="HABIB"/> proposes a fairness metric
	dband prices and income levels."</t>		and suggests systematic adaptations to complexity of the Web based on "geograph
			ic variations in mobile broadband prices and income levels."</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="discussion-1">		<section anchor="discussion-1">
	<name>Discussion</name>		<name>Discussion</name>
	<t>These three reports discuss very different aspects of current inequ		<t>These three reports discuss very different aspects of current inequ
	alities in Internet access in various parts of the world: service provision, ava		alities in Internet access in various parts of the world: service provisioning,
	ilability, and economic costs. Notably, the reports discuss trends that exacerba		availability, and economic costs. Notably, the reports discuss trends that exace
	te the digital divide beyond the question of connectivity or whether users have		rbate the digital divide beyond the question of connectivity or whether users ha
	access to the Internet, potentially bringing concrete ways that the IETF communi		ve access to the Internet, potentially yielding concrete ways that the IETF comm
	ty can address digital inclusion within its remit.</t>		unity can address digital inclusion within its remit.</t>
	<t>Discussants noted that while there are some interesting aspects to		<t>Discussants noted that while there are some interesting aspects to
	the problem of the digital divide, such as measurements and frameworks, most of		the problem of the digital divide, such as measurements and frameworks, most of
	the work is getting this work to the right people at the policy layer so there i		the work involves getting this work to the appropriate people at the policy leve
	s an importance of communicating this technical evidence to the right people. Th		l; therefore, it is important to communicate this technical evidence to the appr
	e IETF's role could be to build consensus on the proper solutions presented to d		opriate people. The IETF's role could be to build consensus on the proper soluti
	ecision-makers that put research and measurement not only in context but also in		ons presented to decision-makers that put research and measurement not only in c
	a consensus-driven solution space. Another method to better communicate this re		ontext but also in a consensus-driven solution space. Another method to better c
	search is by telling stories of end users in more relatable and relevant terms,		ommunicate this research is by telling stories of end users in more relatable an
	which is often a challenge for the technical level and a role for more diverse s		d relevant terms; this is often a challenge at the technical level and a role fo
	takeholders at the more local level.</t>		r more diverse stakeholders at the more local level.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="session-3-censorship-reports-and-circumvention">		<section anchor="session-3-censorship-reports-and-circumvention">
	<name>Session 3: Censorship - Reports and Circumvention</name>		<name>Session 3: Censorship - Reports and Circumvention</name>
	<t>This session focused on reports of censorship as observed during rece		<t>This session focused on reports of censorship as observed in recent y
	nt years in different parts of the world, as well as on the use of and expectati		ears in different parts of the world; it also focused on the use of, and expecta
	on on censorship circumvention tools, mainly the use of secure VPN services.</t>		tions for, censorship circumvention tools, mainly the use of secure VPN services
	<t>The censorship reports, with a focus on Asia, and specifically India,		.</t>
	as well as Russia, as an example where censorship has changed significantly rec		<t>The censorship reports highlighted legal frameworks and court actions
	ently, discussed the legal frameworks and court acts that put legal obligations		that put legal obligations on regional network providers to block traffic. The d
	on regional network providers to block traffic. Further, measurements to validat		iscussion focused on Asia, specifically India, and included Russia as an example
	e the blocking as well as analyses of how blocking is implemented were discussed		where censorship practices have recently undergone significant changes. Further
	, i.e. which protocols are used but also which kind of devices are used to confi		, measurements to validate the blocking as well as analyses of how blocking is i
	gure the blocking rules and where are they deployed.</t>		mplemented were discussed, i.e., which protocols are used but also which kinds o
			f devices are used to configure the blocking rules and where they are deployed.<
			/t>
	<section anchor="censorship-orders-measurements-and-device-analysis">		<section anchor="censorship-orders-measurements-and-device-analysis">
	<name>Censorship Orders, Measurements, and Device Analysis</name>		<name>Censorship Orders, Measurements, and Device Analysis</name>
	<t><xref target="SAMSUDIN"/> reported on confirmed blocking from 10 co		<t><xref target="SAMSUDIN"/> reported on confirmed blocking from 10 co
	untries (Cambodia, Hong Kong (China), India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Phili		untries (Cambodia, Hong Kong (China), India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Phili
	ppines, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Vietnam) in the period from 1 July 2022 to 30 Jun		ppines, Thailand, Timor-Leste, and Vietnam) in the period from 1 July 2022 to 30
	e 2023. The blocking was either confirmed by OONI measurements for existing bloc		June 2023. The blocking was confirmed by either (1)&nbsp;Open Observatory of
	king fingerprints, heuristics, i.e. for new blocking fingerprints as well as new		Network Interference (OONI) measurements for existing blocking fingerprints or h
	s reports of blocking orders, or user experiences. Most of these countries block		euristics (i.e., for new blocking fingerprints as well as news reports of blocki
	specific content such as porn, gambling, or certain news pages. Interestingly t		ng orders) or (2)&nbsp;user experiences. Most of these countries block specific
	he blocking in Hong Kong and Myanmar is focused on the military and governmental		content such as porn, gambling, or certain news pages. Interestingly, the blocki
	pages of foreign countries. Blocking is often realized by either DNS tampering		ng in Hong Kong and Myanmar is focused on the military and governmental pages of
	or HTTP tampering. For DNS, either a decided IP address, a bogon IP address (127		foreign countries. Blocking is often realized by either DNS tampering or HTTP t
	.0.0.1), or an empty domain (nxdomain) is used. In case of DNS tampering using a		ampering. For DNS, either a chosen IP address, a bogon IP address (e.g., 127.0.0
	decided IP address or HTTP tampering some countries provide a block page that e		.1), or an empty domain (NXDOMAIN) is used. In the case of DNS tampering using a
	xposes the blocking, however, more transparency about blocking is requested by c		chosen IP address or HTTP tampering, some countries provide a block page that e
	ivil society organizations and the iMAP project.</t>		xposes the blocking; however, more transparency related to blocking is requested
	<t><xref target="GROVER"/> further focused the discussion on online ce		by civil society organizations and the Internet Monitoring Action Project (iMAP
	nsorship in India, Pakistan, and Indonesia. In India, where providers are respon		).</t>
	sible for implementing the blocking but no method is mandated, the six major ISP		<t><xref target="GROVER"/> further focused the discussion on online ce
	s (covering 98.82% of all subscribers) were tested on 4379 blocked websites (bas		nsorship in India, Pakistan, and Indonesia.</t>
	ed on court orders, user reports, and publicly available or leaked government or		<t>As discussed in <xref target="Singh2020"/>, in India, where providers are
	ders) on DNS poisoning/injection or HTTP/SNI-based censorship. Used censorship t		responsible for implementing the blocking but no method is mandated, the six maj
	echniques and websites blocked were different across ISPs. Multiple ISPs used tw		or ISPs (covering 98.82% of all subscribers) were tested on a total of 4379 bloc
	o different techniques (depending on the website), and all but one provided cens		ked websites (based on court orders, user reports, and publicly available or lea
	orship notices. Providers blocked between 1892 to 3721 (of 4379) pages with only		ked government orders) by using DNS poisoning/injection or using censorship base
	1115 (27.64%) of pages blocked by all ISPs. <xref target="Singh2020"/> In contr		d on HTTP or the Server Name Indication (SNI). The censorship techniques used an
	ast, in Pakistan, the government can also order the IPSs to perform blocking and		d websites blocked were different across ISPs. Multiple ISPs used two different
	blocking has even been observed in the past on the IXP level. Since 2020, there		techniques (depending on the website), and all but one provided censorship notic
	has also been a central Web Monitoring System deployed at lines of internationa		es. A list of 4379 potentially blocked websites was tested; 4033 of those websit
	l connectivity. In Indonesia, initially, the government guided ISPs in how to pe		es
	rform the blocking. The regulations were updated in 2020 to allow Indonesian ISP		appeared in at least one ISP's blocklist. Providers blocked between 1892 and 372
	s to block websites at their discretion. In 2022, there was a proposal by intern		1 of the 4033 websites, with only 1115 websites (27.64%) blocked by all six ISPs
	et service providers to centralise DNS. In Indonesia, a partial block list is pu		.</t>
	blicly available, but without any indication of why something is blocked. <xref		<t>In contrast, in Pakistan, the government can also order the ISPs to
	target="Grover2023"/></t>		perform blocking, and blocking has even been observed in the past at
	<t><xref target="BASSO"/> reported that for Russia a high increase in		the Internet Exchange Point (IXP) level. Since 2020, there has also been a centr
	additions to the Roskomnadzor's block list was observed in March 2022 as well as		al Web Monitoring System deployed at lines of international connectivity. In Ind
	in December 2022, foremost covering news pages but also covering human rights o		onesia, initially, the government guided ISPs in how to perform the blocking. Th
	rganizations and social media, where more than 3500 blocking orders were added t		e regulations were updated in 2020 to allow Indonesian ISPs to block websites at
	o the list by an "Unknown body". Further, blocking of domains that are not in th		their discretion. In 2022, there was a proposal by ISPs to centralize DNS. In I
	e official Roskomnadzor's list has been observed as well.</t>		ndonesia, a partial blocklist is publicly available, but without any indication
	<t>An invited talk presented the work in <xref target="WANG"/> on loca		of why something is blocked <xref target="Grover2023"/>.</t>
	ting censorship devices by using HTTP and TLS traceroutes, identifying device ve		<t><xref target="BASSO"/> reported that for Russia a large increase in
	ndors through fingerprinting, and reverse-engineering censorship triggers by the		additions to Roskomnadzor's blocklist was observed in March 2022 as well as in
	use of fuzzing. E.g. for the case of Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan, they showed tha		December 2022, foremost covering news pages but also covering human rights organ
	t a significant portion of measurements from remote countries are blocked at the		izations and social media, where more than 3500 blocking orders were added to th
	endpoint, indicating local policies but connection resets are also happening in		e list by an "Unknown body". Further, blocking of domains that are not in the of
	Belarus and Russia. Further, they could identify a set of commercial network de		ficial Roskomnadzor blocklist has been observed as well.</t>
	vices (with filtering techniques such as firewalls) that are used in these count		<t>An invited talk included a presentation of the work in <xref target
	ries for censorship and show how fuzzing can be used to fingerprint and cluster		="WANG"/> on locating censorship devices by using HTTP and TLS traceroutes, iden
	behaviours as well as potentially circumvent the deployed methods.</t>		tifying device vendors through fingerprinting, and reverse-engineering censorshi
	<t>All speakers called for more transparency by requiring blocking mes		p triggers by the use of fuzzing. For example, in the case of Azerbaijan and Kaz
	sages as well as publication and auditing of blocklists. Potentially even standa		akhstan, they showed that a significant portion of measurements from remote coun
	rdization could help.</t>		tries is blocked at the endpoint, indicating local policies, but showed that con
			nection resets are also happening in Belarus and Russia. Further, they could ide
			ntify a set of commercial network devices (with filtering techniques such as fir
			ewalls) that are used in these countries for censorship and show how fuzzing can
			be used to fingerprint and cluster behaviors as well as potentially circumvent
			the deployed methods.</t>
			<t>All speakers called for more transparency by requiring blocking mes
			sages as well as publication and auditing of blocklists. Potentially, even stand
			ardization could help.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="use-of-vpns-for-censorship-circumvents-and-user-expecta		<section anchor="use-of-vpns-for-censorship-circumventions-and-user-expe
	tions">		ctations">
	<name>Use of VPNs for Censorship Circumvents and User Expectations</na		<name>Use of VPNs for Censorship Circumventions and User Expectations<
	me>		/name>
	<t>Further on in the session, the possibility and prevalence of using		<t>Further on in the session, the possibility and prevalence of using
	VPNs for circumvention has been discussed including user expectations and an ana		VPNs for circumvention were discussed, including user expectations and an analys
	lysis of security shortcomings of commercial VPN services. The analysis presente		is of security shortcomings of commercial VPN services. The analysis presented i
	d in <xref target="RAMESH"/> has shown various problems that lead to data leaks		n <xref target="RAMESH-1"/> has shown various problems that lead to data leaks,
	such as leakage of IPv6 traffic, non-browser traffic, or tunnel failure, not uph		such as (1)&nbsp;leakage of IPv6 traffic, (2)&nbsp;non-browser traffic, or (3)&n
	olding user expectations, especially when used in authoritarian regimes for cens		bsp;tunnel failure, in addition to failing to uphold user expectations, especial
	orship circumvention or private communication.</t>		ly when used in authoritarian regimes for censorship circumvention or private co
	<t>The question of how common the use of VPNs for circumvention is and		mmunication.</t>
	its legal implications, as VPNs are illegal in a few countries, has been discus		<t>The question of how common the use of VPNs for circumvention is and
	sed. E.g. VPNs are not officially banned in India but VPN providers need to stor		its legal implications, as VPNs are illegal in a few countries, was discussed.
	e log data and those, who haven't complied, stopped serving India. However, more		For example, VPNs are not officially banned in India, but VPN providers need to
	data on VPN use and blocking might be needed.</t>		store log data and those who haven't complied stopped serving India. However, mo
			re data on VPN use and blocking might be needed.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="discussion-2">		<section anchor="discussion-2">
	<name>Discussion</name>		<name>Discussion</name>
	<t>After all, there is a cat-and-mouse game between censors and circum vents, however, continued work on protocol enhancements that protect user privac y is essential.</t>		<t>After all, there is a cat-and-mouse game between censorship and cir cumvention; however, continued work on protocol enhancements that protect user p rivacy is essential.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="key-take-aways">		<section anchor="key-take-aways">
	<name>Key Take Aways</name>		<name>Key Takeaways</name>
	<t>Some key takeaways from the workshop are -</t>		<t>Some key takeaways from the workshop are as follows:</t>
	<ul spacing="normal">		<ul spacing="normal">
	<li>		<li>
	<t>There is a need for the technical community to address the manage ment gaps in operating Community Networks.</t>		<t>There is a need for the technical community to address the manage ment gaps in operating Community Networks.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Work should be done in documenting best practices for operating C ommunity Networks.</t>		<t>Work should be done to document best practices for operating Comm unity Networks.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>During the development of protocols, explicit manageability consi derations related to Community Networks should be considered.</t>		<t>During the development of protocols, explicit manageability consi derations related to Community Networks should be carefully thought out.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Build consensus on solutions that have the most significant impac t in fostering digital inclusion. Further, promoting these solutions ensures tha t efforts to bridge the digital divide are effective and inclusive.</t>		<t>Build consensus on solutions that have the most significant impac t in fostering digital inclusion. Further, promoting these solutions ensures tha t efforts to bridge the digital divide are effective and inclusive.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Further work to enhance protocols ensuring user privacy should co ntinue.</t>		<t>Further work should be done to enhance protocols, ensuring that u ser privacy is preserved.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Develop further protocols (or extensions to existing protocols) t hat enable more transparency on filtering and promote their use and deployment.< /t>		<t>Develop further protocols (or extensions to existing protocols) t hat enable more transparency on filtering, and promote their use and deployment. </t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Develop new VPN-like services and potentially support measurement s to understand their deployment and use.</t>		<t>Develop new VPN-like services and potentially support measurement s to understand their deployment and use.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Further discussion of these topics could happen in GAIA, HRPC, PE ARG, and MAPRG based on the relevance to the research group. The management and operations-related discussion can be taken to OPSAWG. The community could also e xplore if a censorship (and its circumvention) focused group could be created.</ t>		<t>Further discussion of these topics could happen in the GAIA Resea rch Group, the Human Rights Protocol Considerations (HRPC) Research Group, the P rivacy Enhancements and Assessments Research Group (PEARG), and the Measurement and Analysis for Protocols Research Group (MAPRG), based on relevance to the res earch group. Management-related and operations-related discussions can be taken to the IETF Operations and Management Area Working Group (OPSAWG). The community could also explore whether a group focused on censorship (and its circumvention ) could be created.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	</ul>		</ul>
	</section>		</section>
	</section>		</section>
			<section><name>IANA Considerations</name>
			<t>This document has no IANA actions.</t>
			</section>
			<!-- [LB] Added the Sec. Cons. section per Dhruv for now; will wait
			for confirmation from the Doc. Shepherd -->
			<!-- [rfced] [Document Shepherd] We see that this document does not
			contain a Security Considerations section. Please see Section 4.8.5
			of RFC 7322 (https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7322). Also, please
			provide appropriate text for this document. For example, should
			"security shortcomings" in Section 2.3.2 be mentioned/addressed?
			If you verify that security considerations do not apply to this
			document, we could add something like the following (as done in
			IAB RFCs 8700 ("Fifty Years of RFCs") and 9419 ("Considerations on
			Application - Network Collaboration Using Path Signals")):
			4. Security Considerations
			This document has no security considerations.
			Please review and advise. -->
			<section anchor="sec-cons">
			<name>Security Considerations</name>
			<t>This document has no security considerations.</t>
			</section>
	</middle>		</middle>
	<back>		<back>
	<references anchor="sec-informative-references">		<references anchor="sec-informative-references">
	<name>Informative References</name>		<name>Informative References</name>
	<reference anchor="RFC7962">
	<front>		<xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.796
	<title>Alternative Network Deployments: Taxonomy, Characterization, Te		2.xml"/>
	chnologies, and Architectures</title>
	<author fullname="J. Saldana" initials="J." role="editor" surname="Sal		<reference anchor="SDGs" target="https://sdgs.un.org/goals">
	dana"/>
	<author fullname="A. Arcia-Moret" initials="A." surname="Arcia-Moret"/
	>
	<author fullname="B. Braem" initials="B." surname="Braem"/>
	<author fullname="E. Pietrosemoli" initials="E." surname="Pietrosemoli
	"/>
	<author fullname="A. Sathiaseelan" initials="A." surname="Sathiaseelan
	"/>
	<author fullname="M. Zennaro" initials="M." surname="Zennaro"/>
	<date month="August" year="2016"/>
	<abstract>
	<t>This document presents a taxonomy of a set of "Alternative Networ
	k Deployments" that emerged in the last decade with the aim of bringing Internet
	connectivity to people or providing a local communication infrastructure to ser
	ve various complementary needs and objectives. They employ architectures and top
	ologies different from those of mainstream networks and rely on alternative gove
	rnance and business models.</t>
	<t>The document also surveys the technologies deployed in these netw
	orks, and their differing architectural characteristics, including a set of defi
	nitions and shared properties.</t>
	<t>The classification considers models such as Community Networks, W
	ireless Internet Service Providers (WISPs), networks owned by individuals but le
	ased out to network operators who use them as a low-cost medium to reach the und
	erserved population, networks that provide connectivity by sharing wireless reso
	urces of the users, and rural utility cooperatives.</t>
	</abstract>
	</front>
	<seriesInfo name="RFC" value="7962"/>
	<seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC7962"/>
	</reference>
	<reference anchor="SDG" target="https://sdgs.un.org/goals">
	<front>		<front>
	<title>Sustainable Development Goals</title>		<title>The 17 Goals</title>
	<author>		<author>
	<organization/>		<organization>United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affai rs - Sustainable Development</organization>
	</author>		</author>
	<date>n.d.</date>
	</front>		</front>
	</reference>		</reference>
	<reference anchor="MARTINEZ" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-bi asws-community-networks-and-the-quest-for-quality-00.pdf">		<reference anchor="MARTINEZ" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-bi asws-community-networks-and-the-quest-for-quality-00.pdf">
	<front>		<front>
	<title>Community Networks and the Quest for Quality</title>		<title>Community Networks and the Quest for Quality</title>
	<author initials="L. M." surname="Martínez-Cervantes" fullname="Luis M iguel Martínez Cervantes">		<author initials="L. M." surname="Martínez-Cervantes" fullname="Luis M iguel Martínez Cervantes">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<author initials="R." surname="Guevara-Martínez" fullname="Rolando Gue vara Martínez">		<author initials="R." surname="Guevara-Martínez" fullname="Rolando Gue vara Martínez">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<date year="2024" month="January"/>		<date year="2024" month="January"/>
	skipping to change at line 221 ¶		skipping to change at line 268 ¶
	<title>Community Networks and the Quest for Quality</title>		<title>Community Networks and the Quest for Quality</title>
	<author initials="L. M." surname="Martínez-Cervantes" fullname="Luis M iguel Martínez Cervantes">		<author initials="L. M." surname="Martínez-Cervantes" fullname="Luis M iguel Martínez Cervantes">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<author initials="R." surname="Guevara-Martínez" fullname="Rolando Gue vara Martínez">		<author initials="R." surname="Guevara-Martínez" fullname="Rolando Gue vara Martínez">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<date year="2024" month="January"/>		<date year="2024" month="January"/>
	</front>		</front>
	</reference>		</reference>
	<reference anchor="GUIFI" target="https://guifi.net/en">		<reference anchor="GUIFI" target="https://guifi.net/en">
	<front>		<front>
	<title>Guifi.net</title>		<title>guifi.net</title>
	<author>		<author>
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<date>n.d.</date>
	</front>		</front>
	</reference>		</reference>
	<reference anchor="APC" target="https://www.apc.org/">		<reference anchor="APC" target="https://www.apc.org/">
	<front>		<front>
	<title>The Association for Progressive Communications (APC)</title>		<title>The Association for Progressive Communications (APC)</title>
	<author>		<author>
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<date>n.d.</date>
	</front>		</front>
	</reference>		</reference>
	<reference anchor="ISOC" target="https://www.internetsociety.org/action-pl an/community-networks/">		<reference anchor="ISOC" target="https://www.internetsociety.org/action-pl an/community-networks/">
	<front>		<front>
	<title>Community networks help bridge the connectivity gap</title>		<title>Connecting the Unconnected: Community networks help bridge the connectivity gap</title>
	<author>		<author>
	<organization/>		<organization>Internet Society</organization>
	</author>		</author>
	<date>n.d.</date>
	</front>		</front>
	</reference>		</reference>
	<reference anchor="TBB" target="https://tribalbroadbandbootcamp.org/">		<reference anchor="TBB" target="https://tribalbroadbandbootcamp.org/">
	<front>		<front>
	<title>Tribal Broadband Bootcamp</title>		<title>Tribal Broadband Bootcamp</title>
	<author>		<author>
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<date>n.d.</date>
	</front>		</front>
	</reference>		</reference>
	<reference anchor="BENSON" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-bias ws-a-c-in-cdn-access-service-to-and-from-the-internet-at-cost-for-community-netw orks-00.pdf">		<reference anchor="BENSON" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-bias ws-a-c-in-cdn-access-service-to-and-from-the-internet-at-cost-for-community-netw orks-00.pdf">
	<front>		<front>
	<title>A 'C' in CDN - Access service to and from the Internet at cost for community networks</title>		<title>A 'C' in CDN: Access service to and from the Internet at cost f or community networks</title>
	<author initials="T. A." surname="Benson" fullname="Theophilus A. Bens on">		<author initials="T. A." surname="Benson" fullname="Theophilus A. Bens on">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<author initials="M." surname="Fayed" fullname="Marwan Fayed">		<author initials="M." surname="Fayed" fullname="Marwan Fayed">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<date year="2024" month="January"/>		<date year="2024" month="January"/>
	</front>		</front>
	</reference>		</reference>
	<reference anchor="PANGEA" target="https://www.cloudflare.com/en-gb/pangea /">		<reference anchor="PANGEA" target="https://www.cloudflare.com/en-gb/pangea /">
	<front>		<front>
	<title>Project Pangea from Cloudflare</title>		<title>Project Pangea: Helping underserved communities expand access t o the Internet for free</title>
	<author>		<author>
	<organization/>		<organization>Cloudflare</organization>
	</author>		</author>
	<date>n.d.</date>
	</front>		</front>
	</reference>		</reference>
	<reference anchor="HU" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-biasws-c losing-the-performance-and-management-gaps-with-satellite-internet-challenges-ap proaches-and-future-directions-01.pdf">		<reference anchor="HU" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-biasws-c losing-the-performance-and-management-gaps-with-satellite-internet-challenges-ap proaches-and-future-directions-01.pdf">
	<front>		<front>
	<title>Closing the Performance and Management Gaps with Satellite Inte rnet - Challenges, Approaches, and Future Directions</title>		<title>Closing the Performance and Management Gaps with Satellite Inte rnet: Challenges, Approaches, and Future Directions</title>
	<author initials="P." surname="Hu" fullname="Peng Hu">		<author initials="P." surname="Hu" fullname="Peng Hu">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<date year="2024" month="January"/>		<date year="2024" month="January"/>
	</front>		</front>
	</reference>		</reference>
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	<front>		<front>
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	<date>n.d.</date>
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	<front>		<front>
	<title>iMAP (Internet Monitoring Action Project) 2023 Internet Censors hip Report</title>		<title>iMAP (Internet Monitoring Action Project) 2023 Internet Censors hip Report</title>
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	<title>How India Censors the Web</title>		<title>How India Censors the Web</title>
	<author initials="K." surname="Singh" fullname="Kushagra Singh">		<author initials="K." surname="Singh" fullname="Kushagra Singh">
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	<author initials="G." surname="Grover" fullname="Gurshabad Grover">		<author initials="G." surname="Grover" fullname="Gurshabad Grover">
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	<front>		<front>
	<title>How Internet censorship changed in Russia during the 1st year o f military conflict in Ukraine</title>		<title>How Internet censorship changed in Russia during the 1st year o f military conflict in Ukraine</title>
	<author initials="S." surname="Basso" fullname="Simone Basso">		<author initials="S." surname="Basso" fullname="Simone Basso">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<date year="2024" month="January"/>		<date year="2024" month="January"/>
	</front>		</front>
	</reference>		</reference>
	<reference anchor="WANG" target="https://datatracker.ietf.org/meeting/inte
	rim-2024-biasws-03/materials/slides-interim-2024-biasws-03-sessa-online-censorsh		<reference anchor="WANG" target="https://datatracker.ietf.org/meeting/inte
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			ment-methods-for-locating-and-examining-censorship-devices-00.pdf">
	<front>		<front>
	<title>Network Measurement Methods for Locating and Examining Censorsh ip Devices</title>		<title>Network Measurement Methods for Locating and Examining Censorsh ip Devices</title>
	<author initials="R. S." surname="Raman" fullname="Ram Sundara Raman">		<author initials="R. S." surname="Raman" fullname="Ram Sundara Raman">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<author initials="M." surname="Wang" fullname="Mona Wang">		<author initials="M." surname="Wang" fullname="Mona Wang">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<author initials="J." surname="Dalek" fullname="Jakub Dalek">		<author initials="J." surname="Dalek" fullname="Jakub Dalek">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<author initials="J." surname="Mayer" fullname="Jonathan Mayer">		<author initials="J." surname="Mayer" fullname="Jonathan Mayer">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<author initials="R." surname="Ensafi" fullname="Roya Ensafi">		<author initials="R." surname="Ensafi" fullname="Roya Ensafi">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<date year="2023" month="November"/>		<date year="2023" month="November"/>
	</front>		</front>
	</reference>		</reference>
	<reference anchor="RAMESH" target="https://datatracker.ietf.org/meeting/in
	terim-2024-biasws-03/materials/slides-interim-2024-biasws-03-sessa-investigating		<reference anchor="RAMESH-1" target="https://datatracker.ietf.org/meeting/
	-the-vpn-ecosystem-through-the-lens-of-security-privacy-and-usability-00">		interim-2024-biasws-03/materials/slides-interim-2024-biasws-03-sessa-investigati
			ng-the-vpn-ecosystem-through-the-lens-of-security-privacy-and-usability-00">
	<front>		<front>
	<title>Investigating the VPN Ecosystem through the lens of Security, P rivacy, and Usability</title>		<title>Investigating the VPN Ecosystem through the lens of Security, P rivacy, and Usability</title>
	<author initials="R." surname="Ramesh" fullname="Reethika Ramesh">		<author initials="R." surname="Ramesh" fullname="Reethika Ramesh">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<date year="2024" month="January"/>		<date year="2024" month="January"/>
	</front>		</front>
	</reference>		</reference>
	<reference anchor="HOLZ" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-biasws -evidence-for-a-digital-divide-measuring-dns-dependencies-in-the-context-of-the- indigenous-population-of-australia-00.pdf">		<reference anchor="HOLZ" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-biasws -evidence-for-a-digital-divide-measuring-dns-dependencies-in-the-context-of-the- indigenous-population-of-australia-00.pdf">
	<front>		<front>
	<title>Evidence for a digital divide? Measuring DNS dependencies in th e context of the indigenous population of Australia</title>		<title>Evidence for a digital divide? Measuring DNS dependencies in th e context of the indigenous population of Australia</title>
	<author initials="R." surname="Holz" fullname="Ralph Holz">		<author initials="R." surname="Holz" fullname="Ralph Holz">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<author initials="N." surname="Nazemi" fullname="Niousha Nazemi">		<author initials="N." surname="Nazemi" fullname="Niousha Nazemi">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<author initials="O." surname="Tavallaie" fullname="Omid Tavallaie">		<author initials="O." surname="Tavallaie" fullname="Omid Tavallaie">
	skipping to change at line 407 ¶		skipping to change at line 465 ¶
	</author>		</author>
	<author initials="O." surname="Tavallaie" fullname="Omid Tavallaie">		<author initials="O." surname="Tavallaie" fullname="Omid Tavallaie">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<author initials="A. Y." surname="Zomaya" fullname="Albert Y. Zomaya">		<author initials="A. Y." surname="Zomaya" fullname="Albert Y. Zomaya">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<date year="2023"/>		<date year="2023"/>
	</front>		</front>
	</reference>		</reference>
	<reference anchor="HUSSAIN" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-bia sws-universal-acceptance-of-domain-names-and-email-addresses-a-key-to-digital-in clusion-01.pdf">		<reference anchor="HUSSAIN" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-bia sws-universal-acceptance-of-domain-names-and-email-addresses-a-key-to-digital-in clusion-01.pdf">
	<front>		<front>
	<title>Universal Acceptance of Domain Names and Email Addresses - A Ke		<title>Universal Acceptance of Domain Names and Email Addresses: A Key
	y to Digital Inclusion</title>		to Digital Inclusion</title>
	<author initials="S." surname="Hussain" fullname="Sarmad Husain">		<author initials="S." surname="Hussain" fullname="Sarmad Hussain">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<date year="2023"/>		<date year="2023"/>
	</front>		</front>
	</reference>		</reference>
			<!-- Used <https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3603269.3604872> to verify
			the author list -->
	<reference anchor="HABIB" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-biasw s-a-framework-for-improving-web-affordability-and-inclusiveness-00.pdf">		<reference anchor="HABIB" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-biasw s-a-framework-for-improving-web-affordability-and-inclusiveness-00.pdf">
	<front>		<front>
	<title>A Framework for Improving Web Affordability and Inclusiveness</ title>		<title>A Framework for Improving Web Affordability and Inclusiveness</ title>
	<author initials="R." surname="Habib" fullname="Rumaisa Habib">		<author initials="R." surname="Habib" fullname="Rumaisa Habib">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<author initials="S." surname="Tanveer" fullname="Sarah Tanveer">		<author initials="S." surname="Tanveer" fullname="Sarah Tanveer">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<author initials="A." surname="Inam" fullname="Aimen Inam">		<author initials="A." surname="Inam" fullname="Aimen Inam">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<author initials="H." surname="Ahmed" fullname="Haseeb Ahmed">		<author initials="H." surname="Ahmed" fullname="Haseeb Ahmed">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<author initials="A." surname="Ali" fullname="Ayesha Ali">		<author initials="A." surname="Ali" fullname="Ayesha Ali">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
			<author initials="Z. A." surname="Uzmi" fullname="Zartash Afzal Uzmi">
			<organization/>
			</author>
			<author initials="Z. A." surname="Qazi" fullname="Zafar Ayyub Qazi">
			<organization/>
			</author>
			<author initials="I. A." surname="Qazi" fullname="Ihsan Ayyub Qazi">
			<organization/>
			</author>
	<date year="2023" month="September"/>		<date year="2023" month="September"/>
	</front>		</front>
			<refcontent>ACM SIGCOMM '23, pp. 592-607</refcontent>
			<seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.1145/3603269.3604872"/>
			</reference>
			<reference anchor="OTT" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-biasws-
			the-internet-only-for-the-fast-00.pdf">
			<front>
			<title>The Internet: Only for the Fast?</title>
			<author initials="J." surname="Ott" fullname="Jörg Ott">
			<organization/>
			</author>
			<author initials="G." surname="Bartolomeo" fullname="Giovanni Bartolom
			eo">
			<organization/>
			</author>
			<author initials="M.M." surname="Bese" fullname="Mert Mehmet Bese">
			<organization/>
			</author>
			<author initials="R." surname="Bose" fullname="Rohan Bose">
			<organization/>
			</author>
			<author initials="M." surname="Bosk" fullname="Marcin Bosk">
			<organization/>
			</author>
			<author initials="D." surname="Guzman" fullname="David Guzman">
			<organization/>
			</author>
			<author initials="L." surname="Kärkkäinen" fullname="Ljubica Kärkkäine
			n">
			<organization/>
			</author>
			<author initials="M." surname="Kosek" fullname="Mike Kosek">
			<organization/>
			</author>
			<author initials="N." surname="Mohan" fullname="Nitinder Mohan">
			<organization/>
			</author>
			<author initials="D." surname="Trossen" fullname="Dirk Trossen">
			<organization/>
			</author>
			<author initials="M." surname="Welzl" fullname="Michael Welzl">
			<organization/>
			</author>
			<author initials="L." surname="Vogel" fullname="Lucas Vogel">
			<organization/>
			</author>
			<date year="2024" month="January"/>
			</front>
	</reference>		</reference>
			<reference anchor="OHLSEN" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-bias
			ws-m-lab-position-paper-01.pdf">
			<front>
			<title>BIAS workshop - M-Lab Position Paper submission</title>
			<author initials="L.Y." surname="Ohlsen" fullname="Lai Yi Ohlsen">
			<organization/>
			</author>
			<date year="2024" month="December"/>
			</front>
			</reference>
			<reference anchor="RAMESH-2" target="https://www.usenix.org/conference/use
			nixsecurity23/presentation/ramesh-vpn">
			<front>
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			VPN users and VPN providers</title>
			<author initials="R." surname="Ramesh" fullname="Reethika Ramesh">
			<organization/>
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			<author initials="A." surname="Vyas" fullname="Anjali Vyas">
			<organization/>
			</author>
			<author initials="R." surname="Ensafi" fullname="Roya Ensafi">
			<organization/>
			</author>
			<date year="2023" month="August"/>
			</front>
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			ent>
			</reference>
	</references>		</references>
	<?line 336?>
	<section anchor="position-papers">		<section anchor="position-papers">
	<name>Position Papers</name>		<name>Position Papers</name>
	<t>19 position papers were submitted to the workshop call for papers. 11 w		<t>Nineteen position papers were submitted to the workshop call for papers
	ere selected for publication. Papers that were not published either (1) only pro		. Twelve were selected for publication. Papers that were not published either (1
	vided a very prelimited analysis of an idea that was felt to be incomprehensive		)&nbsp;only provided a very prelimited analysis of an idea that was felt to be i
	for discussion at the workshop, or (2) addressed problems that were beyond the s		ncomprehensive for discussion at the workshop or (2)&nbsp;addressed problems tha
	cope as dedicated for the workshop discussion e.g. discussing cyber security thr		t were considered beyond the scope of the workshop discussions, e.g., discussing
	eads as a barrier for participation or implication of technology in regulation t		cybersecurity threats as a barrier to participation or implication of technolog
	hat imposes blocking. Both of these topics pose a potentially severe risk on the		y in a regulation that imposes blocking. Both of these scenarios pose a potentia
	open Internet, however, these risks might provide a high risk for all Internet		lly severe risk for the open Internet; however, they might pose a high risk for
	users but do not necessarily imply an unbalance.</t>		all Internet users but do not necessarily imply an unbalance.</t>
	<t>All accepted papers are available at: https://datatracker.ietf.org/grou		<t>All accepted papers are available at <eref target="https://datatracker.
	p/biasws/materials/</t>		ietf.org/group/biasws/materials/" brackets="angle"/>.</t>
	<t>This is the list of all published papers:</t>		<t>This is the list of all published papers:</t>
	<t>Community Networks:</t>		<t>Community Networks:</t>
	<ul spacing="normal">		<ul spacing="normal">
	<li>		<li>
	<t>L. M. Martínez-Cervantes, R. Guevara-Martínez: Community Network		<t>Martínez-Cervantes, L.&nbsp;M. and R.&nbsp;Guevara-Martínez: Commun
	s and the Quest for Quality <xref target="MARTINEZ"/></t>		ity Networks and the Quest for
			Quality <xref target="MARTINEZ"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>T. Benson, M. Fayed: A ‘C’ in CDN: Access service to and from the Internet for community networks at-cost <xref target="BENSON"/></t>		<t>Benson, T.&nbsp;A. and M.&nbsp;Fayed: A 'C' in CDN: Access service to and from the Internet at cost for community networks <xref target="BENSON"/>< /t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>P. Hu: Closing the Performance and Management Gaps with Satellit		<t>Hu, P.: Closing the Performance and Management Gaps with Satellite
	e Internet: Challenges, Approaches, and Future Directions <xref target="HU"/></t		Internet:
	>		Challenges, Approaches, and Future Directions <xref target="HU"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>R. Rennó: Maximising Connectivity: The Spectrum's Vital Role in Tec		<t>Rennó, R.: Maximising Connectivity: The Spectrum's Vital Role in Te
	hnology Access <xref target="RENNO"/></t>		chnology Access <xref
			target="RENNO"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	</ul>		</ul>
	<t>Digital Divide:</t>		<t>Digital Divide:</t>
	<ul spacing="normal">		<ul spacing="normal">
	<li>		<li>
	<t>R. Holz, N. Nazemi, O. Tavallaie, A.Y. Zomaya: Evidence for a di		<t>Holz, R., Nazemi, N., Tavallaie, O., and A.&nbsp;Y.&nbsp;Zomaya: Ev
	gital divide? Measuring DNS dependencies in the context of the indigenous popula		idence for a digital divide?
	tion of Australia <xref target="HOLZ"/></t>		Measuring DNS dependencies in the context of the indigenous population of Austra
			lia <xref
			target="HOLZ"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>S. Hussain: Universal Acceptance of Domain Names and Email Addres		<t>Hussain, S.: Universal Acceptance of Domain Names and Email Address
	ses: A Key to Digital Inclusion <xref target="HUSSAIN"/></t>		es: A Key to
			Digital Inclusion <xref target="HUSSAIN"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>R. Habib, S. Tanveer, A. Inam, H. Ahmed, A. Ali, Z.A. Uzmi, Z.A. Qa zi, I.A. Qazi: A Framework for Improving Web Affordability and Inclusiveness <xr ef target="HABIB"/></t>		<t>Habib, R., Tanveer, S., Inam, A., Ahmed, H., Ali, A., Uzmi, Z.&nbsp ;A., Qazi, Z.&nbsp;A., and I.&nbsp;A.&nbsp;Qazi: A Framework for Improving Web A ffordability and Inclusiveness <xref target="HABIB"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>J. Ott, G. Bartolomeo, M.M. Bese, R. Bose, M. Bosk, D. Guzman, L. K ärkkäinen, M. Kosek, N. Mohan: The Internet: Only for the Fast (and Furious)?</t >		<t>Ott, J., Bartolomeo, G., Bese, M.M., Bose, R., Bosk, M., Guzman, D. , Kärkkäinen, L., Kosek, M., Mohan, N., Trossen, D., Welzl, M., and L.&nbsp;Voge l: The Internet: Only for the Fast?&nbsp;<xref target="OTT"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>L.Y. Ohlsen: BIAS workshop - M-Lab Position Paper submission</t>		<t>Ohlsen, L.Y.: BIAS workshop - M-Lab Position Paper submission <xref target="OHLSEN"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	</ul>		</ul>
	<t>Censorship:</t>		<t>Censorship:</t>
	<ul spacing="normal">		<ul spacing="normal">
	<li>		<li>
	<t>S. Nurliza Samsudin: iMAP (Internet Monitoring Action Project) 202		<t>Samsudin, S.: iMAP (Internet Monitoring Action Project) 2023 Intern
	3 Internet Censorship Report <xref target="SAMSUDIN"/></t>		et
			Censorship Report <xref target="SAMSUDIN"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>G. Grover: The infrastructure of censorship in Asia <xref target ="Grover2023"/></t>		<t>Grover, G.: The infrastructure of censorship in Asia <xref target=" Grover2023"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>S. Basso: How Internet censorship changed in Russia during the 1st		<t>Basso, S.: How Internet censorship changed in Russia during the 1st
	year of military conflict in Ukraine <xref target="BASSO"/></t>		year of military
			conflict in Ukraine <xref target="BASSO"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	</ul>		</ul>
	<t>In addition to the submitted paper two invited talks were presented bas ed on published papers:</t>		<t>In addition to the submitted papers, two invited talks were included, b ased on published papers:</t>
	<ul spacing="normal">		<ul spacing="normal">
	<li>		<li>Raman, R.&nbsp;S., Wang, M., Dalek, J., Mayer, J., and R.&nbsp;Ens
	<t>R. Sundara Raman, M. Wang, J. Dalek, J. Mayer, R. Ensafi: Network M		afi: Network Measurement Methods for Locating and Examining Censorship Devices <
	easurement Methods for Locating and Examining Censorship Devices <xref target="W		xref target="WANG"/></li>
	ANG"/></t>		<li>Ramesh, R., Vyas, A., and R.&nbsp;Ensafi: "All of them claim to be
	</li>		the best": Multi-perspective study of VPN users and VPN providers <xref target=
	<li>		"RAMESH-2"/></li>
	<t>R. Ramesh, A. Vyas, R. Ensafi: “All of them claim to be the best
	”: A multi-perspective study of VPN users and VPN providers</t>
	</li>
	</ul>		</ul>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="workshop-participants">		<section anchor="workshop-participants">
	<name>Workshop Participants</name>		<name>Workshop Participants</name>
	<t>The workshop participants were Arnaud Taddei, Carlos Pignataro, Carsten		<t>The workshop participants were <contact fullname="Arnaud Taddei"/>,
	Bormann, Cindy Morgan, Colin Perkins, Cory Myers, Dan Sexton, David Guzman, Dav		<contact fullname="Carlos Pignataro"/>, <contact fullname="Carsten
	id Millman, David Schinazi, Dhruv Dhody, Gurshabad Grover, Hanna Kreitem, Jane C		Bormann"/>, <contact fullname="Cindy Morgan"/>, <contact fullname="Colin
	offin, Jiankang Yao, Jörg Ott, Juan Peirano, Lai Yi Ohlsen, Luis Martinez, Mallo		Perkins"/>, <contact fullname="Cory Myers"/>, <contact fullname="Dan
	ry Knodel, Marwan Fayed, Matthew Bocci, Michael Welzl, Michuki Mwangi, Mirja Küh		Sexton"/>, <contact fullname="David Guzman"/>, <contact fullname="David
	lewind, Mona Wang, Peng Hu, Ralph Holz, Raquel Renno, Reethika Ramesh, Rumaisa H		Millman"/>, <contact fullname="David Schinazi"/>, <contact
	abib, Sarmad Hussain, Simone Basso, Siti Nurliza Samsudin, Suresh Krishnan, Theo		fullname="Dhruv Dhody"/>, <contact fullname="Gurshabad Grover"/>,
	philus Benson, Tirumaleswar Reddy, Tommy Pauly, Vesna Manojlovic, and Wes Hardak		<contact fullname="Hanna Kreitem"/>, <contact fullname="Jane Coffin"/>,
	er.</t>		<contact fullname="Jiankang Yao"/>, <contact fullname="Jörg Ott"/>,
			<contact fullname="Juan Peirano"/>, <contact fullname="Lai Yi Ohlsen"/>,
			<contact fullname="Luis Martinez"/>, <contact fullname="Mallory
			Knodel"/>, <contact fullname="Marwan Fayed"/>, <contact
			fullname="Matthew Bocci"/>, <contact fullname="Michael Welzl"/>,
			<contact fullname="Michuki Mwangi"/>, <contact fullname="Mirja
			Kühlewind"/>, <contact fullname="Mona Wang"/>, <contact fullname="Peng
			Hu"/>, <contact fullname="Ralph Holz"/>, <contact fullname="Raquel
			Rennó"/>, <contact fullname="Reethika Ramesh"/>, <contact
			fullname="Rumaisa Habib"/>, <contact fullname="Sarmad Hussain"/>,
			<contact fullname="Simone Basso"/>, <contact fullname="Siti Nurliza
			Samsudin"/>, <contact fullname="Suresh Krishnan"/>, <contact
			fullname="Theophilus Benson"/>, <contact fullname="Tirumaleswar
			Reddy.K"/>, <contact fullname="Tommy Pauly"/>, <contact fullname="Vesna
			Manojlovic"/>, and <contact fullname="Wes Hardaker"/>.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="workshop-program-committee">		<section anchor="workshop-program-committee">
	<name>Workshop Program Committee</name>		<name>Workshop Program Committee</name>
	<t>The workshop program committee members were Christopher Wood (IAB, Clou dflare), Dhruv Dhody (IAB, Huawei), Mallory Knodel (IAB, Center for Democracy an d Technology), Mirja Kühlewind (IAB, Ericsson), and Tommy Pauly (IAB, Apple).</t >		<t>The workshop program committee members were <contact fullname="Christop her Wood"/> (IAB, Cloudflare), <contact fullname="Dhruv Dhody"/> (IAB, Huawei), <contact fullname="Mallory Knodel"/> (IAB, NYU), <contact fullname="Mirja Kühlew ind"/> (IAB, Ericsson), and <contact fullname="Tommy Pauly"/> (IAB, Apple).</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section numbered="false" anchor="iab-members-at-the-time-of-approval">		<section numbered="false" anchor="iab-members-at-the-time-of-approval">
	<name>IAB Members at the Time of Approval</name>		<name>IAB Members at the Time of Approval</name>
	<t>Internet Architecture Board members at the time this document was appro		<t>Internet Architecture Board members at the time this document was appro
	ved for publication were: TODO</t>		ved for publication were:</t>
			<ul empty="true" spacing="compact">
			<li><t><contact fullname="Matthew Bocci"/></t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Alissa Cooper"/></t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Roman Danyliw"/></t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Dhruv Dhody"/></t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Wes Hardaker"/></t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Cullen Jennings"/></t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Suresh Krishnan"/></t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Mirja Kühlewind"/></t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Tommy Pauly"/></t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Alvaro Retana"/></t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="David Schinazi"/></t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Christopher Wood"/></t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Qin Wu"/></t></li>
			</ul>
	</section>		</section>
	<section numbered="false" anchor="acknowledgments">		<section numbered="false" anchor="acknowledgments">
	<name>Acknowledgments</name>		<name>Acknowledgments</name>
	<t>Thanks to Arnaud Taddei for helpful suggestions to improve this report. </t>		<t>Thanks to <contact fullname="Arnaud Taddei"/> for helpful suggestions t o improve this report.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	</back>		</back>
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